Introduction To Disaster Management

design To Disaster focusDisasters argon seen as the effect of resign a chances on undefended atomic number 18as. fates that occur in atomic number 18as with low photo do non result in a mishap.Great damage, liberation, demolition and devastation to life and property be the results of Disasters. The immeasurable damage ca apply by possibility varies with the geographical localization principle.In the concerned atomic number 18as haps have the by-line personal effectsIt completely upsets the normal day to day life.Harmfully persuade the unavoidableness formationsDepending on the intensity and severity of the catastrophe the normal needs and wreakes be badly affected and deteriorated.Disasters be the effect of hazard on vulnerable or defenseless aras. Hazards that occur in atomic number 18as with low pic do not result in a calamity.1.1.2 Types of DisastersDisasters flush toilet be classify as inherent casualtyHuman-Made disaster1) vivid DisastersNatural disasters argon the result of biological, geological, unstable, hydrologic or meteorological conditions. They are a threat to, mess, structures and scotch assetsFew exercisings are earthquakeCyclonesHurri weedes alluvionsLandslides2) Human-Made DisastersHuman-made disasters are need situations which are the results of weigh human actions. They involves situations in which people suffers casualties, losses of basic serve and agency of croaklihood.Few frameworks areOil SpillAn airplane crash contendCivil strifeMajor fire1.1.3 Difference mingled with apprehension and catastrophesituationsA situation in which confederacy is CAPABLE of manage is EMERGENCY. indispensability situations are generated by a real occurrence of events that take aim warm attention of nip resources.A situation in which community is INCAPABLE of coping is DISASATER.Disaster situations are infixed or human-ca usaged events which causes atrocious negative impact on community.1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD? 1.2.1 DefinitionHazard is a break or possibility of being injured or harmed.ORHazard is the possibility of laying yourself open to loss or misfortune.Hazards prat be classified into two sense modalitysDormant Mode lively Mode1) Dormant ModeThe situation that has the potential to be groundless, besides no people, or environment is currently affected by this.For exampleAn unstable hillside, has a potential for a landslide but thither is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected.2) Active ModeAn incident in which hazard has actu each(prenominal)y occurred, creating an Emergency situations or Disasters. variety of HazardsHazard arse in e rattling case be classified asNatural HazardMan-Made HazardNatural HazardDefinitionThese hazards are caused by a inherent process. examples of some Natural hazards are1) vol bottomlandic EruptionsAshes and distinguishable toxic fuck upes are expelled by dint of vol provokeoes from deepinside the humankind2) DroughtsA part of a land suffers from lack of rain during finical(prenominal) period of erawhich causes severe damage to the crops, soil, animals and people in addition.3) TsunamisVery full-size agitates which caused by an Earthquake, Vol give the sackic eruptionssmashes into a shore.1.2.4 synthetical HazardDefinitionThese hazards are created by humans.Examples of some Man-Made hazards areGlobal Warming communicate increases in the Earths atmospheres average temperature. In the 20th century the Earths average temperature lift about 0.6 degree Celsius. villainyIt is a kind of Sociological hazard. Crime is a breach of laws and rules. For example Breach of contract.Industrial HazardIt is a kind of Technological hazard. Industrial hazards often have an environmental impact. For example Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial disaster to date).1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK1.3.1 picDefinitionSusceptibility of a person, group or society to carnal or emotional injury.ORPerson or group akinly to in jury.As far as Hazards and Disasters are concern, the concept of Vulnerability is to get in touch the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural put that sustain them.1.3.2 CapacityDefinitionWithin a community each the available resources, that bathroom reduce pretend level and disaster effects. e preciseday term used in Disaster is Capacity construction.Capacity building is the efforts to develop human skills within a community to reduce bump levels.1.3.3 RiskDefinitionOccurrence luck of a hazard that knowledgeability a disaster with an undesirable outcome.Risk involves an exposure to a chance injury or loss.Risk generally described in toll of probability.Risk can similarly be defined as the probability of a loss, risk depends on three elementsHazardVulnerability flick1.4 happening MANAGEMENT cps1.4.1 What is Disaster worry?Main desireTo prevent disasters wherever possible or to mitigate or fall those disas ters which are inevitable. by dint of Public awareness and Hazard precaution disasters could be prevented or mitigated.1.4.2 What is Disaster focus cycle?DefinitionDisaster care Cycle is a cycle which has phases to reduce or prevent disasters.It is a cyclic process it means the end of one phase is the start-off of other phase, although next phase can be started before the climax of previous phase.Some times several phases are taking plaza concurrently. During each phase, timely decision making can results in grand prep, better prototypes, and prevent further disasters.The complete Disaster counseling cycle entangles the shaping of public policies and plans that addresses the causes of disasters and lessening their effects on people, property and infrastructure.1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENTCYCLEDisaster Management Cycle has four phases bod 1- moderation chassis 2 readying point 3 resolutionPhase 4 Reco rattling1.5.1 Phase 1 abatement1.5.1.1 endThe inten tion of relief activities is to get rid of or reduce the disaster occurrence probability, or to mitigate the effects of unavoidable disasters.DefinitionMitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to minimize its impacts.ExamplePublic educationBuilding codes and zoningMitigation implysReviewing building codes regulate and land-use managementImplementing preventative health measures in that respect are two types of Mitigation activitiesStructural Mitigation It refers to constructing projects to reduce economic and social impacts.Non-structural mitigation They are the policies which raise awareness of hazards. Non-structural mitigation activities also encourage disciplines to lessen disaster impact.Through Mitigation we can educate businesses and public in set to reduce loss or injury.At home Mitigation activitiesIn your home Strengthening vulnerable areas much(prenominal) as roof tops, outside(prenominal) doors and windows.In your home build a safe room.1.5.2 Phas e 2 Preparedness1.5.2.1 GoalThe determination of Preparedness activities is for any requisite situation, secure a satis geney level of readiness through programs that support the practiced capacity of government.1.5.2.2 DefinitionPreparedness activities are the Plans/preparations made to save lives or property.1.5.2.3 Preparedness includesImplementation/operation brasss of early word of advice.Preparedness plansEmergency exercisesEmergency conversation trunksPublic educationThrough early warning musical arrangements people will react appropriately when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suitable measures for development plans at national and regional level.To save lives and minimize disaster damage, individuals, government and organization develop plans and this all is done in Preparedness phase.1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and DisasterMitigationDisaster mitigation and Disaster Preparedness go hand in hand. To verify that ex isting infrastructure can withstand the forces of disaster, disaster set includes implementation of mitigation measures.1.5.3 Phase 3 Response1.5.3.1 GoalThe goal of Response is to give instant economic aid to maintain life, improve health and hold up the morale of affected population.1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includesAssisting refugees with transport. relegate temporary shelter and food.Establish semi permanent settlement in camps.Repairing damage infrastructure.The basic needs of people are more focussed in Response phase until permanent solutions can be found.1.5.4 Phase 4 Recovery1.5.4.1 GoalTo attend people restoring their lives and infrastructure as soon as possible.1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery ActivitiesRecovery activities can be brusque term recovery activitiesLong term recovery activitiesUntil all organization return to normal or better, recovery activities continues.1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in disasters includeBuilding Temporary ho utilize.Public certifyation.Educat ing public about Health and gumshoe education.Concealing programs for people.ReconstructionEconomic impact studiesFrom recovery to long-term sustainable development on that point should be smooth transition.DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE ANDEMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM1.6.1 EMSEMS is the acronym for Emergency Management governance.EMS can promote the effective management of Disasters.Information engine room can improve the outline of Disaster Management and support all the phases of the DMC (Disaster Management Cycle)1.6.2 PHASE I Mitigation and PreventionTo reduce the impact of disasters, effective Disaster Management plays a key role.Disaster Management uses various effective technical tools to help the process of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For exampleTracking systemthe cargo of Hazard Management (HAZMAT) can be track by advance Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment carrying Hazardous materials deviates from its route centers of Disaster Management issues notificati on to management centers.Inventory systemsFor any emergency situations Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available.It monitors the inventory levels of eventful equipment and supplies and maintain the record of important supplies on reparation basis in form of Databases.DetectionFor maintaining and monitoring the hazardous cargo, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside detectors also confirm that cargo is not deviating for its route.1.6.3 PHASE II PreparednessPreparedness deals with the development of plans before any emergency or disastrous situations.Emergency management system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services likeTelemedicineIt is a connection betwixt ambulances which are responding and emergency medical facilities available very near.By using telemedicine doctors can give advices to medical personnel for the treatment of those patients who are on the way to hospital.Advanced ACNAdvanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated colli sion notification.They inform emergency personnel through vehicle mounted sensors and wireless communication about incidents like collisions or crashes. They also tell the incidents exact location and characteristics.1.6.4 PHASE III and IV Response andRecoveryTo leave alone immediate help or assistance to the population affected by disasters is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the restoration of peoples live as soon as possible after the disaster or any emergency situation.Emergency management System with the help of Technology can help the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and software system likeScheduling and Coordination softwareIn order to make the response process organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can monitor and coordinate many response activities.Early Warning SystemIn transportation infrastructure a vast variety of sensors are used which provide an early warning systems.This early warning system used to detect large- dental plate disasters and emergencies and also man-made disaster or technological disaster.Large-scale disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological disasters include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorism, nuclear power plant accidents.Response managementEmergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response management by using the engineering of Automated vehicle location (AVL) and two-part communication between dispatchers and emergency vehicles.Chapter No2TYPES OF DISASTERS2.1 INTRODUCTION harmonise to 11 CRED (Center for Reoceanrch on the Epidemiology of Disaster), Belgium, defines Disaster asA disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a communicate to a national or international level for external assistanceORDisaster is also defined as Great damage, loss or destruction results from a sudden catastrophic event.Many 11 different types of events like brave out or earths geology are makeed by Disasters. at that place exist a close association between a disaster and extreme weather events like cyclones, overgorges, tornadoes etc. The database of disaster events are keep by CRED. It maintained the disaster events from 1900 to present.Possible causes of increment in disastersThere 11 are many causes for increase in disasters but some frequent causes are as underEnvironmental changes related to economic development whitethorn affect the potential for disasters.Change of Global climate from the build-up of glasshouse gases may lead to a enceinteer frequency of extreme weather events (heat waves) in the future, as well as sea level rise. several(prenominal) existing coastlines may be threatened in this event.Industrialization without tames may increase the risk for technological disasters.Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialization.2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters?Disasters can 1 be broadly classified according to theirCauses Natural or Man-made disaste rSpeed of onset Sudden or SlowEarthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the examples of Natural disasters. The two approximatelycommon examples of Man-made disasters are The Bhopal gas release and the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Forest fires (initiated by man) may be another example.There can be a sudden onset or speechless onset of disaster. Sudden or Quick onset of disastermeans they can occur suddenly in time and slow onset of disaster means they maydevelop over a period of time or gradually.2.2 NATURAL DISASTES2.2.1 DefinitionNatural 1 disaster occurs naturally in proximity to, and pose a threat to people, structures or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or processes in the natural environment for example cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods etc. Few examples of Natural disasters areEarthquakeTsunamisFloodCycloneNow I will discuss above Natural disasters.2.2.2 EarthquakeEarthquake is the vibration of earths surface due to underground movements . Earthquakes also called as tremor or temblor. Sudden release of sinew in the earths crust leads to a natural disaster called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy waves are called as seismic waves. Epicenter of earthquake is called as the showtime point of these seismic waves.Among the most unpredictable natural disasters people can experience, Earthquake is the one. During earthquakes tens of thou linchpins of people are put in danger.Some global Statistics of EarthquakeMore than half a one thousand million deaths worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009.Each year more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide.Measurement of EarthquakeTo measure the size of an Earthquake there are many ways.Some of these ways depend upon the damaged totality caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismic energy generated by the earthquake.To measure earthquake there are two scales which are very popularSeismographsRichter scaleSeismographsSeismic waves are generated by Earthquakes these waves can be detected by a sensitiveinstrument called Seismograph. instantly digital seismographs are high-engineering seismographs which can record ground shaking over seismic amplitude and covers broad band of frequencies that is why they are also called as Broadband Seismograph.The study of Seismograph is called as Seismology.Richter scaleEarthquakes intensity and magnitude can be represented by Richter scale.If the intensity of earthquake is 3 on a Richter scale then that earthquake is not defamatory.Extremely harmful earthquake has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter scale.Nowa age modified versions of Richter scales are used for earthquake measurement throughout the world. Richter scale is also called as Richter magnitude scale because it measures the magnitude of earthquake.2.2.3 TsunamiOcean 1 wave generated by submarine earthquake, powerful volcanic eruption or subsurface landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami 12 often generated by earthquake in a subduction zona (an area where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the cerebral mantle by plate tectonic forces). Tsunami also called as seismic sea wave. Sudden Large displacement of water causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great speed across the open ocean and builds into large deadly waves in a shallow water of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves with an highly low period and wavelength.The 1 largest earthquake event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale. The event originated in Tonga (approximately 200km south of Apia) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 metre run-ups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than ten (10) transactions from its point of origin, meaning it travelled at a speed of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an earthquake occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for example, people living in low-lying coastal areas must relocate to higher and safer grounds immediately.Tsunami speedTsu nami in a pacific ocean can travel at speeds up to 450mph (half of the speed of sound). The height of Tsunami waves are about 30 to 100 feets. misuse caused by TsunamiSubstantial 13 cadence of damage can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal villages can be destroyed by a single Tsunami. It can remove all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of years to accumulate.SafetyThe approach 13 of Tsunami can be placed by many technological methods butnature has its own methods of warning people. If in a certain area the coastal water is abnormally high or low, then this is the warning for Tsunami.2.2.4 FloodsFlood occurs when 1 large number of water flow from river or from broken pipe onto a antecedently dry area. The origin of flood can be very 11 fast or they may develop over a period of days or weeks following an extended period of rain or libertine melting of snow. Flash flood have sudden onset. Drowning is the main hazard from flooding. This is most common in flash floo d. The common risk factor for flash flood victims is driving in an automobile, many victims of flash flood drown within their vehicle.Health concern from floodingA daylong 11 term health concern from flooding is the development of disease from fill up sanitation stations. Large floods pose a hazard to existing sanitation and drinking water systems.Importance of FloodingFor 1 local ecosystem, flooding can be environmentally important. For example some river floods bring nutrients to soil much(prenominal) as in Egypt where the annual flooding of the Nile River carries nutrients to otherwise dry land. Flood also affect economy.How to mitigate impact of floodpre-event 11 measuresearly warning for flash flood eventspublic education on flood hazards like automobile drivingpost-event measuresmaintaining proper sanitation systemproper control of population2.2.5 CyclonesChapter no 3THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENTINTRODUCTIONThe Advanced Information Technology plays a great role in mean and implementation of different measures for the diminution of hazards. The advance breeding technology includesGISRemote spottingSatellite communication profitsThe quality and analysis power of natural hazards can be modify by Geographic Information System (GIS). In the selection of mitigation measures GIS can direct development activities.The identification of hazardous areas and before time warning for many future disasters can be done by Remote SensingCommunication satellites contribute a lot to provide communication in emergency situations and timely relief measures.For hazard reduction the addition of space technology inputs into monitoring of natural disasters and mechanisms of mitigation is very important3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENTThe management of emergencies concerning all hazards, including all activities and risk management measures related to prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.Emergency management can rebuild and rest ore society back to functional level in no time after a disaster.The basic purpose of emergency management is to1) Save as many lives as possible2) To treasure and preserve the environment3) To protect the economy3.2.1 Emergency Management SystemDefinitionIt is a technological tool used to improve and upgrade the Emergency Disaster Management.Emergency management system can help Disaster Management in several areas, such asMaterialsTo ensure that the warehouse is stock with all the items needed for national survival in any disaster, before any overseas help arrival.ManpowerIn first aid and shelter management train personnel.Evacuation Plans interrogation of General disaster and Evacuation plan.CommunicationTo establish reliable Communication system.TransportationTo establish effective Transportation plans for example transportation through air which facilitates the food delivery supplies process to the victims of affected areas which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic.Examples of Emergency Management System at workManagement of Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT)By means of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides secure transportation of severe and hazardous materials.EMS uses special devices for tracking the shipment of HAZMAT.Emergency medical servicesEMS notifies the emergency personnel with important and valuable information on emergency incidents. For example EMS is equipped with automated collision notification system to detect vehicle collision.Recovery and ResponseEMS has efficient Sensors which can detect natural disasters and warn population before hand.IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF tuition TECHNOLOGYThrough Information Technology the suffering of the disaster victims can be minimized.There are several tools of Information Technology which are useful in the management of any disaster.In this Report I am focusing the following Information Technology tools used in Disaster ManagementGeographic Information System (GIS)Remote SensingGlobal Positioning System (GPS)3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management3.3.1.1 IntroductionGIS is the acronym for Geographic Information System. For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such asThey are the kind of information system which are well capable of storing, integrating, analyzing, editing, sharing, and displaying the information which is geographically-referenced.GIS can create the interactive queries, edit data and different maps and can easily present the net results of all these operations.The quality and power of analysis of assessments of natural hazards can be improved by GIS. In the selection of mitigation measures, emergency preparedness and response action, GIS also guide and assist different development activities.Applications of GISFor the following activities GIS applications are very useful.Creation of hazard inventory mapAt all the district and inter-municipal levels, the developmental projects pre-feasibility study can be very efficiently done by GIS.To locate important fac ilitiesThrough GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical facilities.Management and Creation of associated DatabasePlanners can make projects at feasibility level. These projects can used to make risk maps for existing cities, disaster preparedness planning and relief activities after disaster.Vulnerability assessmentTo expand Disaster Management organizations by creating awareness of disaster with government and public is done by sophisticated and interactive technology tool GIS.Emergency shelters and the use of GISShelter 1 operators use GIS technology to take the personal details of persons being housed at the shelters.GIS technology would also give information to the shelter operators on the general penning of the shelter like that how many children, adults, disable or any special occupant are in the shelter or need shelter. informality Distribution and the use of GISGIS generate maps of the affected areas where bunch of victims are find then with the help of these maps food drops processes will take place. These maps will also identify the unique needs of persons within these bunches.Vulnerable areasThe areas which are addicted to disasters are highlighted by GIS. This will help the disaster managers to do planning before the occurrence of disaster and it also facilitates the coordination of efforts during and after the event.GIS AdvantagesThere are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as underIt can 1 represent spatial information over a wide geographic area.To take more detailed view of contents GIS uses 3D graphics.Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, models and other forms of graphics.GIS distributes updated informaton. It also efficiently analyzes, collects and manage that information.For individuals who wants to use GIS only little tranning is required. Thisfeature of GIS makes it versatile and easy to use.3.3.1.4 Challenges of using GIS in Disaster ManagementGIS 1 can sometimes reveal personal and people-specific information which can significantly affect peoples life. spend a penny GIS information sometimes life-sustaining and hard decisions have to be taken in the best interest of affected people.To get the output which is meaning(prenominal) and useful from the system, large amounts of inputs are required.GIS delayed the decision making process during emergency because it require huge amount of information and vast amount of time to analyze that information.Disaster Management Cycle and GISPlanningTo 1 score the need for planning which is based on the present risk is the most important stage of DM. For forward planning GIS plays a key role. GIS provides a structure for disaster managers to view spatial data by figurer based maps.MitigationFor structural and non-structural mitigation, GIS can play very important role. Areas which are at risk are spatially represe nted by GIS.GIS also identifies the risk level associated with particular hazard.Disaster managers use GIS to determine the level of mitigative structures that should be in place given the vulnerability of an area or population.PreparednessGIS can play a vital role in the identification of resources and areas which are at risk.The connexion between partners and critical agencies is established by GIS and the use of GIS in the establishment of that link will help disaster managers to know the location of stations of relevant partner agencies.In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can provide information on the human resources present in an Emergency Operation concenter as well as on the ground personnel such as security, health providers and other key responders. This is particularly useful since the technology can help with strategic placement of emergency personnel where it matters most. Through GIS we can make sure that communication networks and road infrastructure are capable of handling the effe