Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER SEVEN FARMER

FARMERStor G barricadeibal jogged a huge the country road impertinent the university. It was non common practice for ass Foundati iodinrs to venture into the farming globe of Trantor. They could do so, certainly, nevertheless when they did, they did non venture e truly far or for coarse.Gendibal was an exception and he had, in clock past, wondered why. Wondering meant exploring his crap in heading, to a greater extent(prenominal) or less social function that talkers, in particular, were encouraged to do. Their minds were at once their weapons and their targets, and they had to commemorate both offense and defense obligate well honed.Gendibal had decided, to his get satisfaction, that one reason he was different was because he had come from a planet that was both colder and more massive than the fair(a) be planet. When he was brought to Trantor as a boy ( do the net that was quiet cast through come in the Galaxy by agents of the number Foundation on the lookout for talent), he found himself, in that respectfore, in a b castigatenesser gravitative field and a delight unspoilty mild climate. Natur severallyy he enjoyed existence in the open more than or so of the sepa musk turtlees big businessman.In his early twenty-four hourss on Trantor, he grew conscious of his sawn-off, on a lower floorsized frame, and he was afraid that settling back into the comfort of a benign world would turn him indulgent indeed. He in that respectfore undertook a series of self-developing exercises that had left him still puny in appearance exactly kept hint wiry and with a good wind. Part of his regimen were these long walks arid joggings slightly which some at the vocalisers remand muttered. Gendibal disregarded their chattering.He kept his own ways, notwithstanding the fact that he was first-generation. All the otherwises at the Table were second and third-generation, with parents and grandparents who had been concomitant Foundationer s. And they were on the whole older than he, too. What, then, was to be expected just now muttering?By long custom, comp permitely minds at the speaker units Table were open (supposedly altogether, though it was a rare speaker unit who didnt maintain a comer of privacy someplace in the long run, ineffectively, of course) and Gendibal knew that what they felt was envy. So did they plainly as Gendibal knew his own attitude was defensive, overcompensating ambition. And so did they.Besides (Gendibals mind reverted to the reasons for his ventures into the hinterland) he had spent his childishness in a whole world a large and talkative one, with grand and variegated scenery and in a ample valley of that world, surrounded by what he believed to be the near beautiful chew ranges in the Galaxy. They were unbelievably spectacular in the grim winter of that world. He remembered his former world and the glories of a direct-distant childhood. He dreamed virtually it often. How could he bring himself to be confined to a a few(prenominal) dozen hearty miles of ancient architecture?He looked about disparagingly as he jogged. Trantor was a mild and pleasant world, further it was not a broken and beautiful one. Though it was a farming world, it was not a fertile planet.It never had been. Perhaps that, as much as either other factor, had led to its becoming the administrative center of, first, an extensive union of planets and then of a Galactic Empire. at that place was no strong push to do it be anything else. It wasnt extraordinarily good for anything else.After the Great Sack, one thing that kept Trantor going was its enormous supply of metal. It was a great mine, preparation half a hundred worlds with cheap alloy steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, magnesium returning, in this way, what it had collected over thousands of years dep aldepressioning its supplies at a rate hundreds of cartridge clips faster than the original rate of accumulation.Ther e were still enormous metal supplies available, but they were underground and harder to obtain. The Hamish sodbusters (who never esteemed themselves Trantorians, a term they considered ill-omened and which the atomic number 42 Foundationers in that locationfore re dish outd for themselves) had grown reluctant to deal with the metal any progress. Superstition, undoubtedly.Foolish of them. The metal that remained underground powerfulness well be inebriation the soil and further lowering its fertility. And yet, on the other hand, the population was thin spread and the land supported them. And there were some sales of metal, unceasingly.Gendibals eyeball roved over the fiat horizon. Trantor was alive geologically, as almost all inhabited planets were, but it had been a hundred million years, at least, since the last study geological mountain-building end had occurred. What uplands existed had been eroded into gentle hills. Indeed, art objecty of them had been leveled during the great metal-coating period of Trantors history.Off to the south, well out of sight, was the shore of Capital Bay, and beyond that, the easterly Ocean, both of which had been re-established after the disruption of the underground cisterns.To the north were the towers of Galactic University, obscuring the comparatively squat-but-wide Library (most of which was underground), and the remains of the Imperial Palace still farther north. instantly on either side were farms, on which there was an occasional building. He passed groups of cattle, goats, chickens the wide variety of domesticated animals found on any Trantorian farm. none of them paid him any mind.Gendibal purpose casually that anywhere in the Galaxy, on any of the vast number of inhabited worlds, he would plan these animals and that on no two worlds would they be exactly alike. He remembered the goats of home and his own tame nanny whom he had once milked. They were much larger and more resolute than the petite and phi losophical specimens that had been brought to Trantor and established there since the Great Sack. oer the inhabited worlds of the Galaxy, there were varieties of each of these animals, in numbers almost beyond counting, and there was no sophisticate on any world who didnt anathemise by his favorite variety, whether for meat, milk, eggs, wool, or anything else they could produce.As usual, there were no Hamish in view. Gendibal had the feeling that the sodbusters avoided being analyzen by those whom they referred to as scowlers (a mispronunciation perhaps deliberately of the l contactr learners in their dialect). Superstition, again.Gendibal lookd up briefly at Trantors sun. It was quite high in the sky, but its heat was not oppressive. In this location, at this latitude, the warmth salvage mild and the cold never bit. (Gendibal ever. missed the biting cold sometimes or so he imagined. He had never revisited his native world. Perhaps, he admitted to himself, because he didnt ask to be disillusioned.)He had the pleasant feel of ponderousnesss that were alter and tightened to keenness and he decided he had jogged just long enough. He settled down to a walk, breathing deeply.He would be desex for the upcoming Table showdown and for one last push to force a change in policy, a new attitude that would realize the growing danger from the source Foundation and elsewhere and that would put an end to the fatal reliance on the perfect pee-peeing of the jut out. When would they realize that the actually perfection was the surest sign of danger?Had anyone but himself proposed it, he knew, it would reach deceased through without trouble. As things stood now, there would be trouble, but it would go through, just the same, for old Shandess was supporting him and would undoubtedly continue to do so. He would not wish to enter the history books as the particular offset verbaliser under whom the Second Foundation had withered.HamishGendibal was startled. He became assured of the distant tendril of mind well before he saw the person. It was Hamish mind a sodbuster coarse and unsubtle. Carefully Gendibal withdrew, leaving a touch so light as to be undetec shelve. Second Foundation policy was very staunch in this respect. The grangers were the unwitting shields of the Second Foundation. They essential be left as untouched as possible.No one who came to Trantor for trade or tourism ever saw anything other than the farmers, plus perhaps a few unimportant scholars living in the past. Remove the farmers or unpollutedly toy with their innocence and the scholars would become more noticeable with catastrophic results. (That was one of the uncorrupted demonstrations which neophytes at the University were expected to work out for themselves. The tremendous Deviations displayed on the autochthonic Radiant when the farmer minds were even off unconvincingly tampered with were astonishing.)Gendibal saw him. It was a farmer, certainly, Ha mish to the core. He was almost a caricature of what a Trantorian farmer should be rangy and wide, brown-skinned, roughly dressed, arms bare, dark-haired, dark-eyed, a long ungainly stride. Gendibal felt as though he could smell the barnyard about him. (not too much scorn, he archetype. Preem Palver had not minded playing the role of farmer, when that was necessary to his plans. Some farmer he was short and plump and soft. It was his mind that had fooled the teenaged Arkady, never his body.)The farmer was approaching him, clumping down the road, staring at him openly something that made Gendibal frown. No Hamish man or woman had ever looked at him in this manner. dismantle the children ran away and peered from a distance.Gendibal did not slow his own stride. There would be room enough to pass the other with neither comment nor glance and that would be best. He determined to stay away from the farmers mind.Gendibal drifted to one side, but the farmer was not going to scram that . He stopped, spread his legs wide, stretched out his large arms as though to block passage, and state, Ho Be you scowler?Try as he might, Gendibal could not refrain from sensing the weaken of pugnacity in the approaching mind. He stopped. It would be impossible to flack to pass by without conversation and that would be, in itself, a weary task. utilise as one was to the swift and subtle interplay of sound and expression and thought and psychicality that combined to make up the communication between Second Foundationers, it was wearisome to resort to word combination alone. It was like prying up a boulder by arm and shoulder, with a crowbar deception nearby.Gendibal said, quietly and with careful lack of emotion, I am a scholar. Yes.Ho You am a scowler. Dont we speak outlandish now? And idlernot I see that you be one or am one? He ducked his vanguard in a mocking bow. Being, as you be, small and weazen and pale and upnosed.What is it you indigence of me, Hamishman? asked Gen dibal, un locomote.I be titled Rufirant. And Karoll be my previous. His accent became noticeably more Hamish. His rs rolled throatily.Gendibal said, What is it you want with me, Karoll Rufirant?And how be you titled, scowler?Does it matter? You whitethorn continue to call me scholar.If I ask, it matters that I be answered, little up-nosed scowler.Well then, I am titled Stor Gendibal and I result now go about my business.What be your business?Gendibal felt the hair prickling on the back of his neck. There were other minds present. He did not set about to turn to bed there were three more Hamishmen prat him. Off in the distance, there were others. The farmer smell was strong.My business, Karoll Rufirant, is certainly none of yours.Say you so? Rufirants voice rose. Mates, he records his business be not ours.There was a laugh from behind him and a voice sounded. Right he be, for his business be book-mucking and puter-rubbing, and that be naught for true men.Whatever my business is, said Gendibal firmly, I leave behind be about it now.And how entrust you do that, wee scowler? said Rufirant.By passing you.You would try? You would not fear arm-stopping?By you and all your compeer? Or by you alone? Gendibal suddenly dropped into thick Hamish dialect. prowess not feared alone?Strictly speaking, it was not proper to prod him in this manner, but it would stop a mass attack and that had to be stopped, lest it force a still greater indiscretion on his part.It worked. Rufirants expression grew lowering. If fear there be, bookboy, thart the one to be full of it. Mates, make room. Stand back and let him pass that he may see if I be feared alane.Rufirant elevate his great arms and moved them about. Gendibal did not fear the farmers pugilistic scholarship but there was always a chance that a muscular knock off might land.Gendibal approached cautiously, working with delicate speed within Rufirants mind. Not much just a touch, unfelt but enough to slow reflexes tha t significant notch. Then out, and into all the others, who were now gathering in greater numbers. Gendibals speaker unit mind darted back and forth with virtuosity, never resting in one mind long enough to leave a mark, but just long enough for the detection of something that might be useful.He approached the farmer catlike, watchful, assured and relieved that no one was making a move to interfere.Rufirant potty suddenly, but Gendibal saw it in his mind before any muscle had begun to tighten and he stepped to one side. The blow whistled past, with little room to spare. to that degree Gendibal still stood there, unshaken. There was a collective sigh from the others.Gendibal made no attempt to either parry or return a blow. It would be difficult to parry without paralyzing his own arm and to return a blow would be of no use, far the farmer would withstand it without trouble.He could moreover maneuver the man as though he were a bull, forcing him to miss. That would serve to bre ak his morale as direct opposition would not.Bull-like and roaring, Rufirant charged. GendibaI was ready and drifted to one side just sufficiently to allow the farmer to miss his clutch. once more the charge. Again the miss.GendibaI felt his own breath protrude to whistle through his nose. The physical effort was small, but the mental effort of essay to stamp down without controlling was enormously difficult. He could not keep it up long.He said as calmly as he could while batten lightly at Rufirants fear-depressant mechanism, trying to rouse in a minimalist manner what essential(prenominal) surely be the farmers superstitious dread of scholars I result now go about my business.Rufirants face distorted with rage, but for a moment he did not move. Gendibal could sense his thinking. The little scholar had melted away like magic. Gendibal could feel the others fear rise and for a moment merely then the Hamish rage surged higher and drowned the fear.Rufirant shouted, Mates Scowl er he dancer. He do duck on nimble toes and scorns the rules of honest Hamish blow-for-blow. hold close him. Hold him. We will trade blow for blow, then. He may be first reachr, gift of me, and I I will be last-striker.Gendibal found the gaps among those who now surrounded him. His only chance was to maintain a gap long enough to get through, then to run, trusting to his own wind and to his dexterity to dull the farmers will.Back and forth he dodged, with his mind cramping in effort.It would rat work. There were too many of them and the necessity of abiding within the rules of Trantorian look was too constricting.He felt hands on his arms. He was held.He would claim to interfere with at least a few of the minds. It would be unacceptable and his cancer would be destroyed. alone his conduct his very life was at hazard.How had this happened?The contact of the Table was not complete.It was not the custom to anticipate if any loudspeaker were late. Nor, thought Shandess, was the Table in a image to wait, in any case. Stor Gendibal was the youngest and far from sufficiently aware of the fact. He acted as though youth were in itself a virtue and age a matter of negligence on the part of those who should know better. Gendibal was not favourite with the other loudspeakers. He was not, in point of fact, entirely popular with Shandess himself. But popularity was not at issue here.Delora Delarmi broke in on his reverie. She was aspect at him out of wide blue eyes, her round face with its accustom air of innocence and friendliness masking an acute mind (to all but other Second Foundationers of her own rank) and ferocity of concentration.She said, smiling, freshman Speaker, do we wait longer? (The meeting had not yet been formally called to invest so that, strictly speaking, she could open the conversation, though another might scram waited for Shandess to speak first by right of his title.) Shandess looked at her disarmingly, despite the slight breach in courtesy. Ordinarily we would not, Speaker Delarmi, but since the Table meets precisely to hear Speaker Gendibal, it is suitable to stretch the rules.Where is he, First Speaker?That, Speaker Delarmi, I do not know.Delarmi looked about the rectangle of faces. There was the First Speaker and what should have been eleven other Speakers. Only dozen. Through five centuries, the Second Foundation had expanded its powers and its duties, but all attempts to expand the Table beyond twelve had failed.Twelve it had been after Seldons death, when the second First Speaker (Seldon himself had always been considered as having been the first of the line) had established it, and twelve it still was.Why twelve? That number divided itself easily into groups of identical size. It was small enough to ponder as a whole and large enough to do work in subgroups. More would have been too unwieldy fewer, too inflexible.So went the explanations. In fact, no one knew why the number had been chosen or w hy it should be immutable. But then, even the Second Foundation could invent itself a slave to tradition.It took Delarmi only a flashing moment to have her mind twiddle the matter as she looked from face to face, and mind to mind, and then, sardonically, at the empty seat the junior seat.She was satisfied that there was no munificence at all with Gendibal. The young man, she had always felt, had all the charm of a centipede and was best treated as one. So far, only his un oppugned force and talent had kept anyone from openly proposing trial for expulsion. (Only two Speakers had been impeached but not convicted in the hemimillennial history of the Second Foundation.)The obvious contempt, however, of missing a meeting of the Table was worse than many an offense and Delarmi was proud of(p) to sense that the peevishness for trial had moved forward rather more than a notch.She said, First Speaker, if you do not know the whereabouts of Speaker Gendibal, I would be pleased to demon strate you.Yes, Speaker?Who among us does not know that this young man (she use no honorific in speaking of him, and it was something that everyone noted, of course) materializes business among the Hamish continually? What that business might be, I do not ask, but he is among them now and his concern with them is clearly important enough to take antecedency over this Table.I believe, said another of the Speakers, that he merely walks or jogs as a form of physical exercise.Delarmi smiled again. She enjoyed smiling. It cost her nothing. The University, the Library, the Palace, and the entire kingdom surrounding these are ours. It is small in comparison with the planet itself, but it contains room enough, I think, for physical exercise. First Speaker, might we not begin?The First Speaker sighed inwardly. He had the full power to keep the Table waiting or, indeed, to adjourn the meeting until a time when Gendibal was present.No First Speaker could long function smoothly, however, w ithout at least the passive support of the other Speakers and it was never wise to irritate them. Even Preem Palver had occasionally been forced into cajolery to get his way. Besides, Gendibals absence was annoying, even to the First Speaker. The young Speaker might as well learn he was not a law unto himself.And now, as First Speaker, he did speak first, saying, We will begin. Speaker Gendibal has presented some startling deductions from Prime Radiant data. He believes that there is some organization that is working to. maintain the Seldon Plan more efficiently than we can and that it does so for its own purpose. We must, in his view therefore, learn more about it out of self-defense. You all have been informed of this, and this meeting is to allow you all a chance to question Speaker Gendibal, in order that we may come to some conclusion as to future policy.It was, in fact, even unnecessary to say this much. Shandess held his mind open, so they all knew. Speaking was a matter o f courtesy.Delarmi looked about swiftly. The other ten seemed content to allow her to take on the role of anti-Gendibal spokesperson. She said, and Gendibal (again the omission of the honorific) does not know and cannot say what or who this other organization is.She phrased it unmistakably as a statement, which skirted the edge of rudeness. It was as much as to say I can consider your mind you pack not bother to explain.The First Speaker recognized the rudeness and made the swift decision to ignore it. The fact that Speaker Gendibal (he punctiliously avoided the omission of the honorific and did not even point up the fact by stressing it) does not know and cannot say what the other organization is, does not mean it does not exist. The people of the First Foundation, through most of their history, knew virtually nothing about us and, in fact, know following(a) to nothing about us now. Do you question our existence?It does not follow, said Delarmi, that because we are unknown and yet exist, that anything, in order to exist, need only be unknown. And she laughed lightly.True enough. That is why Speaker Gendibals assertion must be examined most carefully. It is based on rigorous mathematical deduction, which I have gone over myself and which I urge you all to consider. It is (he searched for a cast of mind that best expressed his views) not unconvincing.And this First Foundationer, Golan Trevize, who hovers in your mind but whom you do not mention? (Another rudeness and this time the First Speaker flushed a bit.) What of him?The First Speaker said, It is Speaker Gendibals thought that this man, Trevize, is the tool perhaps an unwitting one of this organization and that we must not ignore him.If, said Delarmi, sitting back in her direct and pushing her graying hair backward and out of her eyes, this organization whatever it is exists and if it is perilously powerful in its mental capabilities and is so hidden, is it likely to be maneuvering so openly by way of someone as noticeable as an exiled Councilman of the First Foundation?The First Speaker said gravely, One would think not. And yet I have noticed something that is most disquieting. I do not understand it. Almost involuntarily he buried the thought in his mind, ashamed that others might see it.Each of the Speakers noted the mental action and, as was rigorously required, respected the shame. Delarmi did, too, but she did so impatiently. She said, in accordance with the required formula, May we request that you let us know your thoughts, since we understand and forgive any shame you may feel?The First Speaker said, Like you, I do not see on what grounds one should suppose Councilman Trevize to be a tool of the other organization, or what purpose he could by chance serve if he were. Yet Speaker Gendibal seems sure of it, and one cannot ignore the possible value of misgiving in anyone who has qualified for Speaker. I therefore attempted to apply the Plan to Trevize.To a single person? said one of the Speakers in low voiced surprise, and then indicated his contrition at once for having accompanied the question with a thought that was clearly the equivalent of What a foolTo a single person, said the First Speaker, and you are right. What a fool I am I know very well that the Plan cannot possibly apply to individuals, not even to small groups of individuals. Nevertheless, I was curious. I extrapolated the social Intersections far past the reasonable limits, but I did it in xvi different ways and chose a region rather than a point. I then made use of all the details we know about Trevize a Councilman of the First Foundation does not go completely unheeded and of the Foundations Mayor. I then threw it all together, rather higgledy-piggledy, Im afraid. He paused. Well? said Delarmi. I gather you Were the results surprising?There werent any results, as you might all expect, said the First Speaker. Nothing can be done with a single individual, and yet and yetAnd yet?I have spent forty years analyzing results and I have grown used to obtaining a clear feeling of what the results would be before they were analyzed and I have rarely been mistaken. In this case, even though there were no results, I developed the strong feeling that Gendibal was right and that Trevize should not be left to himself.Why not, First Speaker? asked Delarmi, clearly taken aback at the strong feeling in the First Speakers mind.I am ashamed, said the First Speaker, that I have let myself be tempted into using the Plan for a purpose for which it is not fit. I am further ashamed now that I am allowing myself to be influenced by something that is strictly intuitive. Yet I must, for I feel this very strongly. If Speaker Gendibal is right if we are in danger from an unknown direction then I feel that when the time comes that our affairs are at a crisis, it will be Trevize who will hold and play the deciding card.On what al-Qaida do you feel this? said Delarmi, shocked.First Speaker Shandess looked about the table miserably, I have no basis. The psychohistorical mathematics produces nothing, but as I watched the interplay of relationships, it seemed to me that Trevize is the key to everything. Attention must be paid to this young man.Gendibal knew that he would not get back in time to join the meeting of the Table. It might be that he would not get back at all.He was held firmly and he tested desperately about him to see how he could best manage to force them to release him.Rufirant stood before him now, exultant. Be you ready now, scowler? Blow for blow, strike for strike, Hamish-fashion. Come then, art the smaller strike then first.Gendibal said, Will someone hold thee, then, as I be held?Rufirant said, Let him go. Nah nah. His arms alane. Leave arms free, but hold legs strong. We want no dancing.Gendibal felt himself pinned to the ground. His arms were free.Strike, scowler, said Rufirant. Give us a blow.And then Gendibals probing mind f ound something that answered indignation, a sense of manginess and pity. He had no choice he would have to run the try of outright strengthening and then improvising on the basis of There was no need He had not touched this new mind, yet it reacted as he would have wished. Precisely.He suddenly became aware of a small figure-stocky, with long, tangled black hair and arms thrust outward careening lifelessly into his field of view and pushing madly at the Hamish farmer.The figure was that of a woman. Gendibal thought grimly that it was a measure of his tension and preoccupation that he had not noted this till his eyes told him so.Karoll Rufirant She shrieked at the farmer. Art bully and coward Strike for strike, Hamish-fashion? You be two times yon scowlers size. Youll be in more sore danger attacking me. Be there renown in pashing yon poor spalp? There be shame, Im thinking. It will be a fair heap of finger-pointing and therell be full saying, Yon be Rufirant, renowned baby-smas her. Itll be laughter, Im thinking, and no decent Hamishman will be drinking with you and no decent Hamishwoman will be ought with you.Rufirant was trying to stem the torrent, warding off the blows she was aiming at him, attempting weakly to answer with a placating, Now, calf. Now, Sura.Gendibal was aware that hands no longer grasped him, that Rufirant no longer glared at him, that the minds of all were no longer concerned with him.Sura was not concerned with him, either her fury was concentrated solely on Rufirant. Gendibal, recovering, now looked to take measures to keep that fury alive and to strengthen the uneasy shame flooding Rufirants mind, and to do both so lightly and skillfully as to leave no mark. Again, there was no need.The woman said, All of you back-step. Look here. If it be not sufficient that this Karoll heap be like giant to this starveling, there must be five or six more of you ally-friends to share in shame and go back to farm with glorious tale of dewing-do in baby-smashing. I held the spalps arm, youll say, and giant Rufirant-block pashed him in face when he was not to back-strike. And youll say, But I held his foot, so give me also glory. And Rufirant-chunk will say, I could not have kiln on his lane, so my furrow-mates pinned him and, with help of all six, I gloried on him.But Sura, said Rufirant, almost whining, I told scowler he might have first-shrike.And fearful you were of the mighty blows of his thin arms, not so, Rufirant thickhead. Come. Let him go where he be going, and the rest of you to your homes back-crawl, if so be those homes will still find a welcome-making for you. You had all best hope the grand deeds of this day be forgotten. And they will not be, for I be spreading them far-wide, if you do make me any the more fiercely raging than I be raging now.They trooped off quietly, heads hanging, not looking back.Gendibal stared after them, then back at the woman. She was dressed in blouse and trousers, with roughmade shoes on her feet. Her face was smashed with sudation and she breathed heavily. Her nose was rather large, her breasts heavy (as best Gendibal could tell through the looseness of her blouse), and her bare arms muscular. But then, the Hamishwomen worked in the palm beside their men.She was looking at him sternly, arms akimbo. Well, scowler, why be lagging? Go on to send of Scowlers. Be you feared? Shall I company you?Gendibal could smell the perspiration on clothes that were clearly not freshly laundered, but under the circumstances it would be most discourteous to show any repulsion.I thank you, Miss SuraThe name be Novi, she said gruffly. Sura Novi. You may say Novi. It be unneeded to moresay.I thank you, Novi. You have been very helpful. You be welcome to company me, not for fear of mine but for company-pleasure in you. And he bowed gracefully, as he might have bowed to one of the young women at the University.Novi flushed, seemed uncertain, and then tried to imitate his gesture. Pleasure be mine, she said, as though searching for wrangle that would adequately express her pleasure and lend an air of culture.They walked together. Gendibal knew well that each leisurely step made him the more unforgiveably late for the Table meeting, but by now he had had a chance to think on the significance of what had taken place and he was icily content to let the lateness grow.The University buildings were looming ahead of them when Sura Novi stopped and said hesitantly, Master Scowler?Apparently, Gendibal thought, as she approached what she called the Place of Scowlers, she grew mare polite. He had a momentary urge to say, Address you not yon poor spalp? But that would embarrass her beyond reason.Yes, Novi?Be it very fine like and rich in Place of Scowlers?Its nice, said Gendibal.I once dreamed I be in Place. And and I be scowler.Someday, said Gendibal politely, Ill show it thee.Her look at him showed plainly she didnt take it for mere politeness. She said, I can iss ue. I be taught by schoolmaster. If I write letter to thee, she tried to make it casual, how do I mark it so it come to thee?Just say, Speakers House, Apartment 27, and it will come to me. But I must go, Novi.He bowed again, and again she tried to imitate the action. They moved off in opposite directions and Gendibal promptly put her out of his mind. He thought instead of the Table meeting and, in particular, of Speaker Delora Delarmi. His thoughts were not gentle.

Relative Isolation of Sub-Saharan Africa

Relative isolation on Sub-Saharan Africa Relative isolation make believeed the development of sub-Saharan African cultures. The lack of cope with with another(prenominal) African societies and non-African societies helped shape umpteen distinct groups with individualistic forms of religion, wording, and customs duty. Religion can only spread by radio link with other people. There are two main religions in the heart and soul East and in Europe that engage gained dominance and agitate to maintain power. Religions such as Greek mythology were quickly pushed aside when a dominant power came in with a different religion.There are sensual obstacles that kept people out of sub-Saharan Africa until the sixteenth century. This means that no major powers/religions were able to spread across the continent and unify the culture. This face of relative isolation is excessively true amongst African societies. Environmental factors have rendered it nearly impossible for an African soc iety to put itself in a position of dominance over other societies. Because the individual societies were focused on self-preservation instead of trading and conquering they for each bingle created their own peculiar religion.Africans did not have a large society/kingdom to fall bottom on for protection and survival. They also live in one of the harshest environments in the world this forced them to live as one with nature, create semi nature based religious systems which can also been seen in Native American culture pre-colonization. Even though the groups developed unique religions they still parallel other groups that lived under the same ecological conditions in Africa and in the Americas.Language is a defining piece of a societies identity it creates a sense of unity amongst people, it shows a groups means of solid food production, and it individualizes bands of people. African societies historically have not been in conflict with each other. This means that each group dev eloped its own language and the langue has advanced along with the society. In places such as Europe and the Middle East each group had developed individual languages but with the improvement of empires such as the Egyptians and the Romans came the spread of unified language.Unified language means societies now have words for tools and gods that they do not have. With little to no contact amongst African societies language did not spread through natural transactions curiosity or trade. Societies in the rest of the world have been in contact with one another long before they were able to diffuse into sub-Saharan Africa. This means that they were trading in order to trade one must be able to communicate with another. Trading will affect the language as whole, which will in turn cause nuclear fusion in counting systems, religion, and technology.Societies in Africa did not have this exchange betwixt groups which caused them to develop distinct societies which only had the technolo gy and religion required to nourish them alive. African customs were derived from a need for survival. Societies in Africa had to deal with a harsh environment that was constantly pushing back at them. Their customs were a means of survival from the way they handled religion to telling children scary stories about dangerous plants and animals in the means of fairy tales. Unlike societies in Europe that usually had a kingdom of people to rely on for protection and food, Africans had to fight for survival.European societies created customs to separate classes of people based on wealth or physical appearance or some other identifier whereas African groups only created customs that benefited the group. The isolation of African societies caused them to create connatural but distinctly different customs from each other. Relative isolation caused African societies to develop differently than the shared cultures of most the world. Societies in Africa also develop distinct cultures from ea ch other due to their lack of contact with neighboring groups.

Literature Review for Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Denaturing slope jelly dielectrolysis (DGGE) is a robust process by which point mutation can be observe. It depends upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products which denature at different temperatures depending upon if they contain homoduplex or different products from both high-risk type and mutated genes or heteroduplex or admitd strains of wild type and mutated desoxyribonucleic acid strains. Heteroduplex products contain a mismatch and thusly melt to a greater extent apace than heteroduplex products (Roelfsema and Peters, 2005, pp. 79).DGGE is use most upshotively to identify point mutations in genomic deoxyribonucleic acid that cause genetic diseases, to identifiy previously unidentified mutations in recessionary genes, psycho analytic thinking of desoxyribonucleic acid from cancer tumors, and by targeting RNA, assessing the number and type of bacteria species in soil, water, and the human body (ibid, pp. 84). The DGGE process has many complicated steps that think trial and error starting with designing the proper incline Gel so that the PCR product will enter one end as a double strand, quickly denature and then stop progressing and queer in place.First the PCR product must be designed victimization particular softw ar that analyses the melting curves of possible PCR products. In order to keep the desoxyribonucleic acid stuck in place once the denaturing has occurred, a GC clamp consisting of a string of 40-60 nucleotides must be attached to the PCR primer resulting in a high denaturing temperature at one end and not the parvenu(prenominal). In addition, the gradient colloidal gel must be prep bed properly with a 30% gradient and adjusted so that the DNA gets trapped directly in the middle (ibid, 80).Finally, in the most technically difficult step, a never-ending temperature of 60 degrees Celsius must be achieved in which to perform the electrophoresis. After this the gels are soaked in a 0. 5XTAE containing ethidium bromide to visual ize the DNA. Once these steps are completed achievement skilfuly, the results are very clear, and seen quickly. If large numbers of samples confine to be screened, DGGE is very reliable and cost effective(ibid, 85). The following is a thickset of some of the recent uses of DGGE and findings of researchers who have been exploring newfound territory in their palm through the use of DGGE.This review aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of DGGE and its most effective industriousnesss. In a view conduct by J. Walter of the University of Stuttegart in Germany, 16S rhibosomal primers were as well as utilise to detect lactic acid bacteria in human faecal matter. Subjects were presumption the probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20 to drink, and while cultural rules only detected the strain in one of the subjects, DGGE detected it in both.In addition, the food associated samples did not appear in the rosa agar cultures, barely were apparent in the DGGE profile (Walter, J et al, 2001). This shows the sensitivity and reliability of DGGE method actings, and its applicability to human microbiology. Another reflect of faeces conducted by Maukonen et al. concluded that DGGE was an effective way to establish the stability of authorized groups of gastrointestinal bacteria. They successfully established the stability and diversity of the Erecta group by exploitation DGGE to study the bacteria from 12 subjects (Maukonen et al, 2002).Applications to the study of animal faeces uncovered that DGGE is effective in identifying complex systems such as Heliobacters which are difficult to culture (Al-Soud et al, 2003). At the University of Wales in Cardiff, a team of researchers led by Charlotte E. Davies compared bacterial microfloras of healing and nonhealing chronic venous leg ulcers using both cultural and 16S rhibosomal PCR-DGGE methods. PCR-DGGE analysis found a much higher(prenominal) load of pseudonomads in nonhealing wounds than was apparent in cultural analysis exclusively (Davies, C et al, 2003).This proves the applicability of DGGE to human microbiology and its usefulness in identifying causes of illness. Similar results were obtained in studying Hypophatasia at the Barnes-Jewish Hospital Research Institute. DGGE was utilize to identify mutations in severely affected patients and was found 100% effective in identifying recessive mutations. In addition it identified eight new mutations and one new polymorphism of hypophatasia confirming its genotypic variability (Mumm, S et al, 2002).DGGE can therefore be a powerful tool in diagnosing hypophatasia and other genetic diseases. Italian biologists used 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE and ISR-PCR methods as tools to differentiate between strains of staphyloccus disjunct from fermented sausages. They obtained species specific profiles using DGGE and combining the two methods allowed them to identify 10 species and an supernumerary 7 groups. They concluded that combining the two micro bial techniques was what led to their success (Blaiotta, G et al, sep 2003).Corroborating this evidence of the need to use DGGE in conspiracy with other techniques when studying food microbiology, a study of Cassava groundwork fermentation in Brazzaville, Congo determined that the most effective method of isolating and identifying microbial communities in Cassava starch fermentation was to combine culture and DGGE methods. They found that DGGE failed to detect pure cultures recovered from enrichment and yet detected other species not apparent in any of the cultural methods used (Miambi, E, Guyote, JP and Ampe, F. , 2003).These results suggest that DGGE, while reliable and sensitive, is dependant upon other methods to complete a profile of the microbiological communities. Strides have been made to understand and identify the ecology of microbial communities, such as the work done at the University of nary(prenominal)tingham. Researchers used PCR-DGGE analysis focused on the V3 and V4-V5 regions of 16S genes to identify and lactobacillus and Staphlyococcus bacteria in stilton cheese. They then used Florescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) experiments to identify the spatial arrangement of microbial species in the dairy matrix.This allowed them to conclude that there are specific bionomical reasons for microbial growth in cheese, and that there are real applications of the confederacy of DGGE and FISH to optimize food fermentation and preservation of traditional products (Ercolini, Hill, Dodd, Jul 2001). DGGE also has applications to farm production as seen in de Olivera et als study of soil rhibosomes, which concluded that DGGE provides fingerprinting of rhibosomes useful in determining the effect of agricultural practices on soils.This can help in the proper amendment of soils and monitor of pesticides (de Olivera et al, 2006). Recognizing the usefulness of DGGE in identifying and categorizing microbial communities, and the need for more effective naming of which DNA regions to study, Zhongtang Yu and Mark Morrison performed a test to compare DGGE profiles across hypervariable (V) regions interpreted from the same DNA regions, and identify the most useful V regions to study in gastrointestinal microbiomes.Their recommendation is that amplification of the V3 or V1 regions of rrs genes gives the best result, but when doing a longer amplification, the V3 to V5 or V6 to V8 range should be targeted (Yu and Morrison, 2004). DGGE has been used successfully in oceanography to identify and isolate protists that are so subtile they lack taxonomic features and are too unstable to be canvass by traditional means.Biologists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution analyse protistan assemblages from the Antarctic using DGGE and were able to determine that microenvironments significantly impaction assemblages and that significant genetic diversity exists in each microenvironment (Gast, Dennett and Caron, 2004). Building on the sensitivity o f DGGE in identifying genetic differences, biologists in Germany identified an entirely new phylogenic group of Eukariyotic bacteria in the deeper layers of tidal flats. Their technique included using primers targeted at the 18S rRNA gene.They were also able to establish distant relationships between Eukaria and grazers and vex feeders, proving DGGEs applicability to taxonomy. Scientists at the University of Montana also recognized DGGEs usefulness in identifying unculturable communities and developed a way to denounce these communities more visible by DGGE. They first put the communities through GC fractionalization to make the study size smaller which allowed previously undetectable or underrepresented bands from the full community analysis to be seen (Holbien et al, 2004).Seeking to improve the sensitivity and versatility of DGGEs application to microbial ecology as well as provide a way to compare and standardize gradient gels, Neufeld and Mohn of the University of British Col umbia time-tested the use of Fluorophore-Labled primers. They found that fluorophore greatly helped intralane normalization, was relatively cheap, and allows DGGE versatility including running RNA and DNA derived patterns in the same lane (Neufeld and Mohn, 2005).ReferencesAl-Soud, Waleed Abu Bennedsen, Mads On, Stephen L. W. Ouis, Ibn-Sina Vandamme, Peter Nilsson, Hans-Olof Ljungh, Asa Wadstrm, TorkelBimal D. M. Theophilus (May 2003) Assessment of PCR-DGGE for the realisation of diverse Helicobacter species, and application to faecal samples from zoo animals to determine Helicobacter prevalence. PCR Mutation espial Protocols, Methods in seawallecular Biology Volume 52, p.765-771.Blaiotta G, Pennacchia C, Ercolini D, Moschetti G, Villani F. (Sep 2003) Combining denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA V3 region and 16S-23S rDNA spacer region polymorphism analyses for the identification of staphylococci from Italian fermented sausages. Syst Appl Microbiol. 26(3)423-33D avies, Charlotte, Katja E. Hill, Katja, Wilson, Melanie, Stephens, Phil, Hill, C. Michael, Harding, Keith and Thomas, David (Aug 2004) Use of 16S Ribosomal DNA PCR and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis for Analysis of the Microfloras of mend and Nonhealing Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 42, No. 8, p. 3549-3557 de Oliveira, Valria, Manfio, Gilson, Heitor Luiz da Costa Coutinho, Heitor Keijzer-Wolters, Anneke and van Elsas, Jan. (Apr 2006)Ribosomal RNA gene intergenic spacer based PCR and DGGE fingerprinting method for the analysis of specific rhizobial communities in soil Applied and circumventmental Microbiology, Vol 72, No. 4 p. 2756-2764Ercolini D, Hill PJ, Dodd CE. (Jun 2003) bacterial community structure and location in Stilton cheese. Appl Environ Microbiol.69(6)3540-8. Gast, Rebecca J., Dennett, Mark and Caron, David (Apr 2004) Characterization of Protistan Assemblages in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophore sis Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 70, No. 4. p. 2028-2037Holben, Willam, Feris, Kevin, Kettunen, Anu and Apajalahti, Juha. (Apr 2004) GC fractional process Enhances Microbial Community Diversity Assessment and Detection of Minority Populations of Bacteria by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 70, No. 4 p. 2263-2270Jeroen H. Roelfsema and Dorien J. M. Peters (2005), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Medical Biomethods Handbook, p.79-85Maukonen, Johanna, Mtt, Jaana, Satokari, Reetta, Sderlund, Hans, Mattila-Sandholm, Tiina and Saarela, Maria (2006) PCR DGGE and RT-PCR DGGE show diversity and short-term temporal stability in the Clostridium coccoidesEubacterium rectale group in the human intestinal microbiota. FEMS Microbiology environmental science (Online early).Miambi E, Guyot JP, Ampe F. (Apr 2003) Identification, isolation and quantification of representative bacteria from fermented cassava dough using an coordinated approach of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Int J Food Microbiol. 2582(2)111-20.Mumm S, Jones J, Finnegan P, Henthorn PS, Podgornik MN, Whyte MP. (Feb. 2002) Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme gene in hypophosphatasia. Mol Genet Metab. 75(2)143-53.Neufeld, Josh and Mohn, William. (Aug 2005) Fluorophore-Labeled Primers Improve the Sensitivity, Versatility, and Normalization of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol.71, No. 8 p. 4893-4896 Walter J, Hertel C, Tannock GW, Lis CM, Munro K, Hammes WP. (Jun 2001) Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Jun67(6)2578-85 Yu, Zhongtang and Morrison, Mark. (Aug 2004)Comparisons of Different Hypervariable Regions of rrs Genes for Use in Fi ngerprinting of Microbial Communities by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2004, p. 4800-4806, Vol. 70, No. 8

What Is Mindfulness?

Some cartridge clips I think the translation of the give-and- affect drumheadfulness is incorrect in twain dashs. Right heedfulness is a step of the Eightfold Path and is the centerpoint of Buddhist answer. First, its non a well be obtaind translation because heedfulness is assortment of an insipid word. Be a strugglee(p) what does that plastered? It doesnt rush the miscellanea of inspiring lumber of spaciousness, courage, or invigoration fully.Perhaps if you marked it differently and tell, perspicacityfulness, that would be a ameliorate understanding of the word and its power. on the nose a much fundamental difficulty in compensate sloping round mindfulness, what ever so that style for us, is that the mind and the meat be the similar word in Sanskrit or Pali. So perhaps a better word would be contentfulness rattling in a heartful charge. For drag ab turn reveal this mind stuff in separately(prenominal) told to departher. You could do with obt ain come on of the closet a accord of it, if you shakent noniced.The Buddha genuinely practic each(prenominal) in on the wholey verbalise that mindfulness was the heart or the essence of his practice to be heedful or aw atomic number 18 that was the passage to liberation and to the d exacthless(prenominal), to exemption from even birth and death that is, freedom from macrocosm caught in the cyclical nature of matters, stepping outside the cycle of liaisons. What does mindfulness shade upon to us academic session hither(predicate) as a group. We sat for an hour this evening or a midget bit less, nevertheless for those of you who have attended regularly, weve been school term here for a year doing fewthing supposedly related to rendering concern and creation mindful.What does it mean? What atomic number 18 the qualities of it, what atomic number 18 we doing here? We sit, we payment oversight to the breath, or our body sensations, or the sounds, or th e people walking by, or the various thoughts and images in our mind. To be mindful front closely nitty-gritty app atomic number 18ntly to come into the present to wee-wee wind with our senses, with our heart, with our physical body, with our ears, with our eyes, to what is actually here in the present the body, the heart and the mind. Its that thing Ive spoken of populationy metres before, the scrape from the casino in Las Vegas, You must be present to win. In Las Vegas, in therapy, in meditation, its all the same thing. In order to awaken or to use our assister in a skillful delegacy of livelihood, the first undertaking is to get here, to break subdue to digest in the present moment, which operator not liveness so much in our fantasies, in the future, not animateness so much in the ult, in our images and memories, and reliving things that are kaput(p) already. The first is acquire to be present, which itself is a actually extraordinary thing, becausehere a nd at once and in the present re the save places that we female genital organ advise life to begin with. Other wise, its kind of second-hand, what happened a few years agone thats a nice memory or what we fantasize close to. Where after part you in pragmatism appreciate this life were wedded? Only in the present. Also, there is something else which interests a lot of people and brush aside only be found in the present, and that is hit the sack. If you want to fill out a person or you want to be loved some of you perhaps know any centering, right? where does love defer place? Or when is a better interrogative mood.Again, its a nice memory, Gee, I was in love once or twice or more in some of your cases. It was genuinelyly nice. It evokes a nice thing to conceive it. Or its in the future, Oh, if only I could meet that right marvellous person, or this person that I equal with, or this family, or whatsoever, if they would alter so they would become right, and wherefore I could fall in love all over again with them or be happy with them. The only place that you chiffonier rattling love a person or be loved is in the present. No other possibility for it. wholly the rest is fantasy.Also in the present comes the possibility of touching our intuition, of creativity, of clarity all kinds of things. So the first aspect of certifiedness is simply dateing in some way to live more fully here in our present real(a)ity. If you learn cipher else from meditation practice than that, you get your moneys worth specially since theres no charge. Secondly, mindfulness or heartfulness mean visual perception clearly. It centre non-grasping, non-greed, non-hatred, it means not pushing away, and it means not breathing out to sleep, but perceive what is present for us.Bare maintenance, commemorateing, organism in the present, without try to turn it somehow, which is a hard thing to learn because were for the most part intend on what were qua lifying to retrace this something into adjacent. But thusly what happens? We end up doing that all the measure and missing all the somethings that are here, always waiting for the next one. Mindfulness is rattling a way of learning to pick upm what is here in a genuinely(prenominal) clear way. People shed intimately learning mystical things in meditation or spiritual life. on that point is nothing more mystical, or findling, or bizarre, or dreaded, than what is right in battlefront of us.In my twenty-four hourss Ive done a lot of strange things. Ive been to a lot of different countries on this planet, and observed saddhus on beds of nails in India, and strange animals in other parts of the area, and in my early days I took a number of the various kinds of psychedelics and do drugss one could concord, and have had all kinds of realms and weird experiences, and all kinds of things in meditation. I have never encountered a realm as peculiar, or bizarre, or as interest ing as this one. Someone express The mystery of life is not a problem to solve, or something that you notice somewhere else, but its a reality to experience here.We went to the zoo with the itch on Sunday. If you landed on some weird planet, and then you precept pygmy hippopotamuses or 300 pound ostriches and in reality wrinkled elephants Did you ever boldness at elephant skin? Just amazing or the kind of snakes that are there, or sloths hanging upside level(a), you would say you had come by your spaceship to a really peculiar planet. And yet we forget that. We start to take it all for granted. It all becomes very ordinary, and its not. If you attend a birth, its an amazing thing to see a baby being born out of a human body.How does that happen? How does it get in there? I know you know how it gets in there. But I mean, how does it really get in there? Like the ship in the bottle. An incredible thing happens in there, the baby approach out of a woman. And we take it for g ranted. So to pay financial aid means to somehow have a newer or a fresher vision, to see clearly. It means to curb our judging and our planning and just see whats here, which is part of what we do in meditation to stop and not judge a single thing allow it be exactly how it is.Let God take over for a little date and run the show or else than our minds, which get very tired, and very full, and very busy anyway, and need a rest. Someone said The di solarizeiteic question is If you pay worry and you dont judge, then how do you live in the military personnel? What part of perplexity or awake(predicate)ness is that? Thats called sampajanna. Sati is mindfulness, sampajanna means clear or right comprehension. It means not only do you pay attention to whats here, but then when you act in your life you also look at the context, at the suitability or the intention of it what is present.When you act, you first have to see whats here, and then some intuition, or inspiration, or thoug ht arises, Ill do this or do that. Its to pay attention to where your heart is, what motivates you, what the intention and the social occasion of your action is, so that you pay attention but you also pipe cable television the context. The way Joseph, my colleague and friend, answers the question when people say, When you just pay attention and note lifting, pitiful, placing in the walking, or the in and out of the breathing, how feces you live? He said, Well, I was doing my lifting, moving, placing one day on a road in India near the Burmese temple where I lived, just moving my feet and paying attention, and all of a explosive I heard clang, clang of the bells, and I recognized it. I knew what those bells were. I looked up and sure enough the elephant that lived in town was coming scratch off the road right towards me. I observe hearing, hearing and seeing, seeing then I noticed the intention to move out of the way arise, and then I walked out of the way. So there are deuce parts.The first is seeing what is here, living in the reality of the present, and then replying to it wisely, being aware of the situation that were in. At times this year Ive talked in this class about another aspect of awareness which I think is really definitive to hark back in our lives, and that is the very interesting question of wherefore we dont pay attention why do we go to sleep, why do we drive on self-acting pilot, why do we eat ternion meals a day, two-thirds or three-quarters or ninety percent of it on automatic pilot? Why do we live so much not here?Its a pretty interesting question, mayhap even more interesting than saying, One should pay attention or live in the present. How come we dont? Theres a story When Krushchev pronounced his famous denunciation of Stalin, somebody in the Russian Congress Hall was reported to have said, And where were you, fellow Krushchev, when all these innocent people were being slaughtered? Krushchev paused, looked just about t he hall, and said, Will the man who said that kindly stand up? Tension mounted in the hall. No one moved. Finally Krushchev said, Well, whoever you are, you have your answer now.I was in exactly the same position then that you are in now. Why is it that we dont pay attention? One reason is fear, that if we actually come into the present, there are original things we have to deal with that we havent had to in our lives. For some people its boredom. Were really afraid of being bored. For some its loneliness. For some its grieving, something in their hearts thats not finished. So its better to distract yourself, see a lot of photos, talk to people, keep yourself busy, stay on the phone, and keep yourself working, so you dont have to olfactory perception certain things. Another reason we dont stay awake is habit.You could be very peaceful, not have any grieving to do, and be comfortable being alone, and so forth, but its standardised theres this huge flywheel inside. And there you are. Its a relaxation day, youre just sit down in the park, and all of a sudden out of nowhere you start thinking about what youll do next week or next year, making plans, and playing back memories, because theres this coercive habit of thinking. It takes training to kind of rel tranquillize the clutch and let it relax down. Thats part of what meditation is about. Also, pain is another reason, because if you live in the reality of the present moment, what do you experience?Up and down, light and dark, night and day, and diversion and pain. And if you dont deal pain which a lot of people dont understandably then what you have to do is manufacture some fantasy, to live in a lot of thought and busy-ness so you dont feel it. However, you rob yourself of something very, very important when you do it, which is that you rob your life of living, of heartfulness, of fullness, of vitality, of your existence. To live in the present means that you have to demo your boredom and your lon eliness when they come. Theyre not there all the time, and theyre not so bad actually when you come to terms with them.Theyre a little scary but theyre not so terrible. And you have to face the fact that there is this habit of greed, and hatred, and fantasy, sort of a machine that spins out thoughts out the habit of it. So you have to be instinctive to be aware of pain as well as pleasure. But if you are, the rewards are fantastic, because then you can really experience being with anot her person, walking down the beach, taking a walk in the park, walking outside and seeing the stars. Its really very interesting to start to pay attention to when we go on automatic pilot.If you were to look at something in your meditation, kinda than trying to be aware, try to be mindful of when it is that you go to sleep, what it is thats hard for you to be aware of. That is something that is quite interesting to learn about. Use it as a signal. I havent been very mindful today. I wonder whats goi ng on? I havent been very mindful this week. I wonder why? Whats adventure? Oh, Im sad. Its hard to be sad, so I have to keep myself busy, or This thing is coming up thats difficult to deal with, so I think a lot and plan, rather than just notice that its really hard. We learn somehow to find the center in the moment rather than toppling forward or into the past. If you let yourself do that, then everything stops. And one of the just about wonderful things about awareness or heartfulness or mindfulness is that it allows us to come to rest, because theres really only one place to rest, which is in the present. Were householders, were not monks and nuns. And the question often asked is In order to be mindful does it mean we have to talk slowly and sit many hours a day and go into an ashram or some monastery?How can we bring mindfulness, heartfulness, wisdom here into our lives? How do you do that? Well, of course, as I said in the past few weeks, sometimes you do have to look at you r life and see if you want to slow it down a little bit, if its crazy, if its real busy. Because our culture is a little bit mad in that way, you susceptibility need to take a look and see, Gee, is it time to stop doing a few things, to make a little more space, to slow down? Fundamentally, mindfulness means to learn to be aware where we are. If not here, where else? If not now, when?Mindfulness is the opposite of if only, its the opposite of hope, its the opposite of expectation. It has in it a certain kind of contentment, not that one might not choose to budge the world, but a kind of acceptance that this is really what we get, these sights, these sounds, these smells, these tastes, these perceptions. This is it Then in another moment, there give be another it. Its not something else. I know that this is all it is, but this is it. When one accepts it, then one can come to rest. Mindfulness in a way is the opposite of grasping, or attachment, or identification.And it can go v ery, very deep when we allow ourselves, because what we start to see if we slow down a little bit and pay attention is how it is a kind of well-read phenomenon, like a machine, the mind spins this stuff out in a very orderly way by habit thoughts, fantasies and memories. The world works in certain conditioned patterns, and thats its nature, and its all impermanent and quite ungraspable. Where is yesterday? What happened to your weekend? Where is it? What happened to 1984, your 20s, or whatever it was maybe youre 20 now. For some of you, your 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s, where did they go?They all disappeared, gone. Isnt that an amazing thing? Its a very profound thing to start to be aware of life coming out of nothing and disappearing into nothing. A day appears for awhile, and then its gone. It cant be grasped, its like a bird flying. You cannot hold time and fundamentally you cant hold yourself. So the spirit of mindfulness is learning to live in an awake way. As the Buddha said, I m not a man, Im not a God. Im none of these things. Im awake. How can I convey the spirit of this? There are songs from the monks and nuns who lived after the Buddha died that are in these poems.If you readTherigatha, the songs of the sisters, there are many enlightenments that take place while theyre walking through the forest. One nun is in the forest lecture about how happy she is that she doesnt have to do housework anymore and she drops a cupful or something like that on the ground, maybe it breaks, and all of a sudden shes enlightened. She says, Oh, thats how it is. Things arise for a while and then they pass away. If you can accept that and see that each day, each moment, with each person, to experience whats there and then pass on it and go to the next, you can live in a deeply free way.So it really has the spirit of life story to it. In the monastery it was beautiful. We had all these rules, 227 major precepts and then some hundreds of minor precepts, and then they told you how to fold your robe, which side of the bowl you should put down, and how you should clean it properly. Even how to pee. There is a particular way monks are supposed to pee. Youre supposed to son of a bitch down, you cant stand up, and you cant pee into water where there are obvious living things or on plants because you might harm them, and things like that. At first when I read this, I said, Well, whats the difference if I squat down?Nobody is looking, first of all. These rules are dumb. But after awhile of living them, in this beautiful forest monastery, where there wasnt anything else to do besides meditating and pursuance the rules, which would drive you crazy initially, what you began to see is that somehow they brought you to see that everything was precious, that everything was worth sympathize with for that it mattered where you peed, that you could pee on the ground and not on a bush, and not harm it or that it mattered how you took tuition of your bowl, wh ich was one of your very few possessions.It was a gift from people who said, We want to support you because we think that monasteries and what youre doing is valuable in the world and reminds all of us of something precious. So well give you a bowl. You take cautiousness with your bowl, you take safekeeping with your robe, you take care with your car, you take care with your house, you take care with your clothes, because to be aware in some way means to remember the preciousness of life and to begin to take care with the solid ground and all the creatures and things on it.Its to be aware of ourselves and our bodies, of our actions, to be aware politically, to be aware economically, to be aware socially as well. suppose if you were told that you have some disease, lets say AIDS because theres a lot of it thats happening, and its both(prenominal) scary to people and very immediate and present, and real important to look at. Someone said, Well, at best you have four years, maybe you have a year to go. How would you start to live that year? Things would change for you, I assure you.Your life would become a lot more breathing and precious for you. Or imagine that youve been in prison for a grand time, as people are in many, many countries of the world. Amnesty multinational said that 55 countries have political prisoners who are fall behinded and often tortured because of religious views. The majority of the large countries on the earth imprison people for what they think. Its really painful. And then you were let out after a long time in prison, how would it be just to walk down the street in San Anselmo? What would the trees be like?Just the experience of being free, watching the cars, being able to go into a confectionery monetary fund and order any kind of sweet that you wanted, or just seeing the sky and feeling the air and being able to decide whether youre going to go down the block to the right or to the left. Its that spirit of heartfulness, o f mindfulness that it comes to. Its not so much that youre supposed to be tedious about it at all, but its somehow much more the spirit of an appreciation of life and of seeing it in a clear way. I remember when I was seven years old I spent a whole summer in bed.I had this kind of infection and I couldnt leave the house. And then when it ended and I finally could go out, I was given something like a dollar, which seemed like a lot of money at that time, and I went and I bought a ball and some bubble stuff, and I went to this big park near my house. It was like being let out of prison for a kid being in the house for a whole summer. I was so happy. To this day I remember the sun was shining, I could blow my bubbles and turn cartwheels and throw my ball and do anything I felt like. It was so wonderful. In some ways, thats part of the spirit of obstetrical delivery awareness to our life.It also means, as I said, that we have to be willing to face that which is difficult, to open to what Zorba called the whole catastrophe, and to appreciate it in some way. Its really quite a trip. So first it means to take care with the earth, to learn that awareness means to receive, to see the preciousness of things. Secondly, then it allows our world to teach us, to let it teach you very simple truths which are the most important. For example, one monk went to his master after a long time of training and begged the teacher to give him enlightenment.The master led him over to a bamboo grove. He said, See that bamboo there, how tall it is? See that one over there, see how short it is? And the monk was enlightened. Things will teach us when we see them afresh, when we see them anew. We see them for a minute, we see the ungraspability of anything, of our own bodies they change of our thoughts, of our feelings, not to discourse of the people and the things around us. changing, ungraspable. And that they do. Sometimes theyre big and sometimes theyre small. Thats the way that things are.It teaches us the preciousness of life. When we pay attention we can learn. We can learn from our families. We can learn when our hearts are closed and when theyre open. We can learn what it means to be attached, what it means to let go and be freer. We can learn about all the forces in the mind. We can learn about dubiousness and fear and anger, through awareness. We can learn about love and beneficence through attention. Its really universal. We can learn to play tennis in a better way. To train ourselves to be aware is the gift of the Buddha.He said Here, Ill give you a gift that can make life come alive for you, that can bring both happiness and freedom. And its a very simple thing. Learn to train yourself to live more in the present. Do what it takes to do that in your life. How can we do it? Here we are, householders, right not like we have all day to sit and walk in some monastery. Some hints perhaps. First of all, as Ive said in previous evenings, one of the mos t beautiful expressions of awareness comes from Zen master Thich Nhat Hanh where he says See if you can learn to break the dishes in order to wash the dishes.Usually we wash the dishes in order to get the dishes clean, right, and then we can get on and do something else, right, or talk to someone. Did you ever do anything like that, where you just did it in order to do it? Maybe we let ourselves do that on vacation. You go hiking in the Sierras, and if youre not too driven layabout I get to this camp site by this hour, or something and you let go of that a little bit, you just walk along the mountains in order to be walking, everything becomes what it is. Its beautiful. Thats the first hint, to start to take some things in our lives and do them for their own sake.Does that make sense to you? Another way is to listen with your heart a little bit more, to try to pay attention to what its like when youre with people, and see if you can let your words come out of your heart, to say really what you feel inside, what you care about, and to listen with your heart rather than your mind. Thats a very good way to wake up especially the people you live with your kids, your spouse, family, and things like that. People say, How can you be mindful at work? Im a writer, or Im a mathematician. These are some of the questions I get at retreats. How do you do math heedfully? You have to think and ruminate. Or, how do you write advertently, or watch a movie? The best I have been able to come to in that is that when you write, just write when you watch a movie, just watch the movie when you read, just read. not writing and also thinking how people will view it when youre done writing, and planning, and seeing how many more minutes you have to write, and so forth. Just be present for the writing. It doesnt mean to think or be in some special mode. Just do what you do. Not so complicated. When you do math, do math.Of course, sometimes it gets a little more complicated than that, and at retreats Ive often told the story of Zen master Soen-Sa-Nim who generally teaches his great Zen teachings, When you walk, just walk when youre hungry, eat when youre sitting, just sit. So there he was at the breakfast table eating breakfast and reading the paper. Students who saw this were very upset. You know, youre the Zen master. You tell us, When you eat, just eat, and here you are eating and reading. How do you explain this? He said, Very simple. When you eat and read, just eat and read. The spirit of it is not so complicated. Its not to make something really false or different about it. Its more the quality of being a bit more where you are. I think that comes from Yoda in Star Wars. Another thing is to remember the power of the act of coming into the present. I told the story a few weeks ago of Robert Aitken-roshi who wanted to go to Japan to study Zen during the Korean War. It was considered a war district and people werent allowed. When he went to the consu l or the ambassador who was a very conditioned and dignified Japanese man, he was told, Im sorry, we just cant have visitors its war time.The American government doesnt want it and the Japanese government is following that. The ambassador offered tea. It was very nice. He said, Why do you want to do that? I mean, theres this war we have to stop. He took his cup of tea and he picked it up and he drank it very carefully and silently, and then he looked at the ambassador and said, victorious a cup of tea I stopped the war. With that the ambassador was wise and he understood that, and he arranged a visa for him to go to Japan to study. What we do, if we do it with our full heart and our full being, is a way of bringing the planet back into balance.All you have to do is look at the news or read Time or Newsweek its crazy. And its crazy because its all mind and thought and going in circles and its not connected with the heart and the earth. Taking a walk you stop the war, taking a cup of tea, sitting a little bit every day, you stop the atomic arms race because you let yourself get quiet and feel the earth and the air, and then your actions and your vibrations and the effect you have on other people, and maybe even the concerns that you act out politically, all come from that connection with yourself and with the earth around you.I have a good friend who is lawyer from Harvard Law School, a very fine lawyer. He sits through lots of meetings. He said he has really learned to work with his breath. Communication is kind of redundant. You could believably tune in on every tenth sentence and get most of the meaning of things. He is really in love. He says, I love my breath. Its much better than what goes on in the meetings. So you can use your meditation in grocery stores standing in line waiting for checkout, or traffic jams. Wonderful times to meditate. I remember sitting at my teachers cottage.He sort of sat in a little chair, and people would sit around and he would receive visitors. I was sitting there and waiting for him. It was a really hot day. Usually they had iced burnt umber on a very hot day in the tropics. Iced cocoa is first so good because its so cool and delicious and the Tai coffee is half sugar. And secondly, since you dont eat except one meal in the morning, to have a big glass of dark iced coffee alter with sugar is like about three or four hours of caffein and sugar stimulation before it wears off. Its great sitting. It was a great drug for sitting, theres no question about it.I was kind of in the doldrums. Ive swept my cottage, now Ill go over and Ill sit and Ill wait. And on hot days like this, if the teacher sees a lot of people sitting around, he says, Okay, you can bring some iced coffee for these poor starving monks, or whatever. So we sat. I kept thinking about how I was going to go back and meditate. Id get to my cottage and then after I had it, for two or three hours I would be very alert and awake, and Im kind of sitting there sweaty and hot and a little bit downcast and just waiting and waiting and waiting. He must have cognize it, and Im waiting and waiting.Hours go by and other people come by and Im waiting and waiting. I think, God, when am I going to get this wonderful coffee so that it will perk me up and I can really meditate? Waiting, waiting. It never came. Finally, it became real clear after a lot of hours of waiting waiting to meditate. I was sitting there doing nothing. When are we going to meditate? Ill do it when I get to the sitting, then Ill meditate, or Ill do it tomorrow. Somehow its to remember that its here in the present were talking about. In some way, mindfulness means coming back to our real home, coming to rest in the present.It is our real home. And our real home is not connected with grasping, our feelings, our bodies, our thoughts, our images, or all the things that are changing but its the ease that we can find in being with up and down, light and d ark, and all of this duality which is changing. With an open heart, with heartfulness, with mindfulness, being with it as it is, then receiving it and deciding, if we will, what things to choose to respond to in a wise or compassionate way. This is Don Juan to Carlos Casteneda For me the world is incredible because it is mysterious, awesome, stupendous, unfathomable.My interest has been to convince you that you must learn to make every act count in this marvelous world, in this marvelous time, Ive tested to convince you. You must realize that you are going to be here for only a short while. In fact, too short for witnessing all the marvels of it. I wanted to convince you that you must learn to make every act count. The spirit of awareness or mindfulness really means coming into our life, into the physical senses, into the feelings, into the movement of mind, and into the heart, and living each day from our heart. What do we care about?Taking a concern and a care for the preciousness of the earth. In the end what one discovers is that mindfulness and love are the same thing. To be aware, without grasping or resisting or trying to change to receive whats here is to love it that theyre not really separate, that the heart and the mind come together. Or as one of my teachers said The mind creates the abyss and the heart crosses it. The mind creates distinctions, and coming into the present, into the heart, resolves all of that. The talk in a way is a reminder. Let me ask you a few questions as a way of ending.First of all, what keeps you, what keeps each of us from really paying attention in our lives, from living more fully? Just think about it as I ask. What fear or difficulty in your life keeps you from living here in the present? What illusion or construe in your life keeps you from living here in the present? What would you have to do to make your life really support living mindfully? What would you have to change to make a real support for this mindfulnes s or this heartfulness? What would you have to change in your life to allow yourself to love more fully? And the last question is to ask in your heart should you make those changes.See what it said. Generally, it has a good answer. Even mindfulness, however, cannot be grasped. There are days when youre going to be more mindful and days when youre less mindful. And it too, like all things, comes and goes. What you can do is nourish and find ways. Thats what we do together here. We sit together, sometimes we have discussions and questions, sometimes I talk to myself out loud and you get to participate, sort of listen to it. It is a way to remind ourselves that theres something really precious. Spiritual life is pretty simple. Its not flabby but its pretty simple.

How Can Building Surveyors Efficiently Differentiate Asr and Attack

Contents 1. Introduction2 2. concrete gusts2 3. Alkali-Silica chemical substance reaction ASR3 4. sulfate Attack5 5. Reference List8 1. Introduction This report was issued in determine to admit an in depth insureing of how a surveyor can differentiate amongst Alkali-Silica answer and Sulphate invades in cover when inspecting a building. In severalise to satisfy the requirements for this report, the author go away give a detailed comment of both kind of invades, different read aras, experiments, diagnosing and forms of repair.To be adapted to define and analyse this topic, the author of this report has utilize different sources of annex such(prenominal)(prenominal) as books, academic journals, World Wide Web and several(prenominal) British Standards. By the end of this report, the writer will be competent to demonstrate that the questioned concrete attacks can be differentiated by whatever professional surveyor when inspecting the concrete in a building. 2. Co ncrete attacks Chemical attacks ordinarily occurs when using poor quality cement although good concrete has been know to be subjected to chassiss that can lead to its admixture.The environment supplies several physical and chemical forces which can contribute to concrete deterioration. BRE (2005) delivered a full list of chemical attacks that can arise both land contaminated by compassionate and natural ground. there argon several rarely occurred chemical attacks that are master(prenominal)ly caused by contaminated land these are chemical species such as ammonium or chromium, but also organic such as phenols. The higher the quantity of these chemicals is, the higher the concrete attack.The nearly(prenominal) know forms of concrete attacks are * Chloride penetration leading to corrosion of steel and spilling of the concrete cover * Inadequate cover of reinforcing steel. Less putting green causes of concrete deterioration caused by chemicals or chemical reaction are * Cycles of freezing and thaw * Carbonation resulting in an increase of steel corrosion * Sulphate attack * diminish aggregates * Alkali-aggregate reactions. . Alkali-Silica answer ASR It is believed that there are three types of alkali-aggregate reactions that will affect the condition of concrete alkali-silicate reaction, alkali-carbonate reaction and alkali-silica reaction. It is believed that the alkali-silica reaction may be found in the concrete because microcrystalline quartz or stained quartz is oft present in aggregates contacting phyllosilicates (Hobbs D. W. , 1988).The Institution of geomorphological Engineers (1988) disclosed Alkali-Silica response as being a chemical process in which the alkalis, found loosely in cement, when combined with specific types of silica found in aggregates, oddly in moist condition, will produce an alkali-silica gel that even uptually will absorb the moisture from concrete, create pushover and gaps of concrete. British Cement railroad tie (1993) advised that in order to determine that the inspected concrete cleft is a result of Alkali-Silica Reaction, the surveyor should sample and test the area before any decisive interpretation can be attempted.Because of poor workmanship, shrinkage, weathering or differential stresses, the concrete can produce indications that will a good deal be bewildered with Alkali-Silica Reaction. BCA (1993) are aware that it is not always easy to branch these features from those asserting(a) of ASR. Their recommendation is that if suspected the sample should be taken into laboratory and nurture investigated. Because of the moisting feature films, the surveyor should allow dry weather when inspecting a suspected Alkali-Silica Reaction area.The floor of wetting should be recorded by the surveyor as this might be due to rain, condensation, leaking pipes, water run- sullen or poor detailing of construction. A support inspection is recommended if damp patches at the junction of the cracks are observed. It is know that Alkali-Silica Reaction will form a mapping crack at the start of the concrete. Fig 1 is and extreme example of macrocracking found at the vacuum-clean Dam, USA. Fig1. Example of cracking due to ASR at the Hoover Dam, USA show taken from Hobbs, D. W. (1988, pp. 16)As it can be seen from the image, there are specific signs that this is an Alkali-Silica Reaction such as damp patches at the junction of the cracks and the edges of the cracks often seem to be light in colour. Cracking like this will often be cast offd by surveyors as being caused by an expanding upon or contraction. As it was said before, one major feature of Alkali-Silica Reaction in concrete is cracking. In order to record data for barely investigations, the surveyor should sketch or photograph the crack form. wizard other characteristic of Alkali-Silica Reaction is discoloration.This occurs along the cracks and although similar to rust caused by reinforce bars within th e concrete, the surveyor is advised that colour photographs are to be taken for an off-site second investigation. If occurred in reinforced concrete, the cracks caused by Alkali-Silica Reaction will ladder to follow the lines of the reinforcing bars. Although often confused with the cracks produced by the corrosion of the reinforcements, in order to provide a definite confirmation of ASR, the surveyor should enforce a microscopic examination of a sample taken from the interior of the concrete.It is often that the surveyors confuse the cracking pattern of the affected cement. Other characteristics of Alkali-Silica Reaction are discoloration, efflorescence, exudations and pop- let outs. 4. Sulphate Attack Sulphate attack is the term used to describe a series of chemical reactions amongst sulphate ions and the components of hardened concrete, principally the cement paste, caused by exposure of concrete to sulphate moisture ( Skalny et al. 2002, p. 3) It is well known that sulphate a ttack main(prenominal)ly affects the brickwork and concrete by creating a disruption of the mortar. The sulphate attack can create expansion, bowing and/or cracking of affected material. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are the most vulnerable to sulphate environments (Bonshor 1996, Amin et al. 2007). OPC is one of the most common cement used in construction industry. Its main composition is ground limestone and clay.When burned, these components form the basis of most concretes. According to Ramson (1993, p. 19) if bauxite is used instead of clay, a high-alumina cement is produced. The main characteristic of this cement is its rapid rate of strengths developed and also if not cover the high resistance to sulphate attacks. This can be one of the first of all evidence for surveyors that the concrete is not affected by sulphate attack. The main idea of sulphate attacks is simple.Bonshor and Bonshor (1996) describes that the sulphate salts migrating from neighbouring building materials, or nightimes even enclosed in the groundwater react with elements of the OPC to produce ettringite or thaumasite. The most common circumstance of sulphate attack is when the unprotected concrete contains sulphate base materials or is opened to sulphate groundwater. There are three main requirements necessary for sulphate attack to occur (i) soluble sulphate salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.It is important to specify that attacks from different sulphates will moderate different result. Mortars or concretes attacked by sulphates such as calcium or sodium will have a soft mush on the other side when attacks form magnesium sulphate occurs, this being considered the most aggressive, the main feature of this attack are the salts that sometimes crystallize out or near the surface of the attacked material (ii) tricalcium aluminate consisted in ordinary or rapid hardening cement (iii) a persistent wetness on the mater ial.To understand the main manifestations of sulphate attacks in building components, the author will describe the visual characteristics that a surveyor will look for, in order to jazz and recognise when sulphate attack has occurred. * The mortar in the brickwork is considered by Addleson and sieve (1995) to be under sulphate attack from as early as two years after construction. One of the main visual appearances of the attack is the white colour of the cement. The mortar subjected to sulphate attack will live loose at the surface, sometimes presenting cracks along the bed joists.It is important to intimate that surveyors often confuse the horizontal cracking from rendered walls caused by corrosion of trip ties in cavity walls with the sulphate attack. Bonshor and Bonshor (1996) recommend that if not confident with the diagnosis from visual inspection, the surveyor should sample the affected mortar and further examine in a specialist laboratory. University of the West of Engla nd (UWE), Bristol (2006) advice that sulphate attacks occurs where saturation is greatest and unremarkably around parapet walls and chimney.This is due to the large exposer to rainfall. UWE believe that although in some cases repairs are possible, in most instances once started, the sulphate attack is infeasible to stop therefore the only option is the re-building. * When the sulphate attack is discover in rendered brickwork there are several visual signs for a surveyor to distinguish the type of attack. Wide horizontal and vertical cracks will appear in the rendering. Outward curling of the rendering in the cracks might appear as a result of sulphate attack. Fig2. Example of Sulphate Attack on chimney brickworkImage taken from University of the West of England, Bristol, (2006) The adhesion of the rendering on the brickwork may fail this can result in rendering falling off either from one brick or even a large dowry this depending on the seriousness of the attack on brickwork. I f untreated, the brickwork may be exposed to efflorescence. * There are several occasions when the sulphate attack occurs on the underside of the ground slabs. If not isolated by a damp inference membrane, the salts in the ground will react with the Portland cement causing a map-pattern of cracking.Bonshor and Bonshor (1996) recommend that BRE Digest 363 will provide guidance in the case of a sulphate attack on concrete. Generally sulphate attack in ground- passenger car slabs will form cracks in a truehearted ground floor mainly if the recycled stone pit shale has been used as capping shape for the ground underneath the slab. Because the sulphate attack in ground bearing slabs, the surveyor will have to investigate further whether the slab has a damp proof membrane and if possible what sort of material has been used as quarry shale fill.WRAP Organisation (2011) recommends colliery shale should be tested for sulphates especially if it is to be used in proximity to concrete. As b uilding professional, a surveyor will be able to differentiate between Alkali-Silica Reaction and Sulphate attacks in concrete. There are several visual differences between these two chemical attacks. One of the major confusion made by surveyors is when inspecting a cracking pattern in a building. It is highly recommended that if suspected, the surveyor should take samples for laboratory examination. There are numerous chemical reactions that are likely to produce disruptive cracking in buildings.This is the reason why a professional surveyor should not clap and give diagnosis unless entirely sure about the cause. Word calculate 1759 5. Reference List Addleson, L. and Rice, C. (1995) Performance of materials in buildings. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. Alan Wood & Partners (2012) Sulphate attack . procurable at http//www. alanwood. co. uk/pdf/Sulphate-Attack. pdf (Accessed on 5th October 2012). Amin, M. M. , Jamaludin, S. B. , Pa, F. C. & Chuen, K. K. (2008) Effects of magnesium s ulphate attack on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mortars, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, (26), pp. 235-242. Bonshor, R. B. and Bonshor, L.L. (1996) Cracking in buildings. capital of the United Kingdom Construction Research Communication. British Cement Association (1993) The diagnosis of alkali-silica reaction. Available at http//homepage. tudelft. nl/n89v3/LinkedDocuments/1992-DiagnosisOfASR. pdf (Accessed on 5th October 2012). Cook, G. K. and Hinks, A. J. (1992) Appraising building defects perspectives on perceptual constancy and hygrothermal performance. Essex Longman Scientific & Technical. El-hachem, R. , Roziere, E. , Grondin, F. & Loukili, A. (2012) New procedure to investigate external sulphate attack on cementitious materials, Cement & Concrete Composites, (34), pp. 57-364. Farny, J. A. & Kosmatka, S. H. (1997) Diagnosis and control of Alkali-aggregate reactions in concrete. Available at http//www. nebrconcagg. com/assets/PromotionPages/Mix%20Design/ASR1. PDF (Accessed o n 6th October 2012). Giaccio, G. , Zerbino, R. , Ponce, J. M. & Batic, O. R. (2008) Mechanical behaviour of concretes damaged by alkali-silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Research, (38), pp. 993-1004. Hobbs, D. W. (1988) Alkali-silica reaction in concrete. London Thomas Telford. Mittermayr, F. , Bauer, C. , Klammer, D. , Bottcher, M. E. , Leis, A. Escher, P. & Deitzel, M. (2012) Concrete under sulphate attack an isotope study on sulphur sources, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 48 (1), pp. 105-117. Ransom, W. H. , (1993) building failures diagnosis and avoidance. 2nd edn. London E & FN Spon. Sachlova, S. , Prikryl, R. & Pertold, Z. (2010) Alkali-silica reaction products Comparison between samples from concrete structures and laboratory test specimens, Materials Characterization, (61), pp. 1379-1393. Sarkan, S. , Mahadevan, S. , Meeussen, J. C. L. , van der Sloot, H. & Kosson, D. S. 2010) Numerical simulation of cementitious materials degradation under external sulph ate attack, Cement & Concrete Composites, (32), pp. 241-252. Skalny, J. , Marchand, J. & Odler, I. (2002) Sulphate attack on concrete. London Spon Press. The Concrete Society (1985) Alkali-silica reaction new structures-specifying the answer existing structures-diagnosis and assessment. London Concrete Society. The Institution of Structural Engineers (1988) Structural effects of alkali-silica reaction interim technical guidance on appraisal of existing structures. London the Institution of Structural Engineers.University of the West of England, Bristol, (2006) strong point of clay bricks. Available at https//environment7. uwe. ac. uk/resources/constructionsample/Conweb/walls/bricks/section6. htm (Accessed on 20th October 2012). WRAP, (2011) Burnt and unburnt colliery spoil, Available at http//aggregain. wrap. org. uk/applications/wrap_pdf/aggregain/pdf_material. cfm? id=2910 (Accessed on 22th October 2012). Zerbino, R. , Giaccio, G. , Batic, O. R. & Isaia, G. C. (2012) Alkali-silic a reaction in mortars and concretes incorporating natural rice husk ash, Construction and Building Materials, (36), pp. 796-806.

Things Fall Apart Tragic Hero

The role of a tragical shooter indoors a drool line is essential in a dramatic film or written work. The hero has the standards of decent a great temper that evoke expect charge of the story through courageous action and bold dialogue. However, since the character is deemed a tragic hero, his cracks will ultimately be his d avouchfall, usually leading to the characters own demise. nowhere is this ideal of a tragic hero more relevant that in Chinua Achebes bracing Things Fall Apart. The story is set in latterly nineteenth-century in a small liquidation in Nigeria. The tragic hero in this case is a young world named Okonkwo.He is a energizing growing character but is doomed from the beginning of the story with devil major flaws that in the end will destroy his character. Okonkwo can non physically expose any(prenominal) of his emotions because he thinks it is a sure sign of weakness. His second flaw is that if and when he does show any emotion, it is an uncontrollable rage. Both of these flaws will sign Okonkwo into bickering that he cannot get hold ofle. Okonkwo has been taught from a truly young age that display his emotions is a feminine lineament, a sign of weakness within his culture.This is brought intimately because when Okonkwo was a child his father was not very involved with the association or with the elder counsel. The community is the most important aspect of cursory life for Okonkwos people. The liquidation does not have a centralized government, but it is does have democratic ruling through the elder males (Ohadike xxii). Since Okonkwos father was lazy and drank too a great deal, he did not receive any respect from the majority of the community. Okonkwo did not want this for himself so he ever so displayed a tough exterior so that he could have respect. This characteristic is clearly shown throughout the story.One such example is when Okonkwo becomes very fond of a boy that is in his c atomic number 18. Even though he likes the boy, Ikemefuna, he be quiet treated him as he treated everyone else with a heavy hand (Achebe 20). Even to a person who was considered part of his own family, he could not show the emotion of affection or graceful attention. In entree to not being able to show any true emotions, Okonkwo has trouble controlling his temper. His anger and rough treatment of everyone around him, particularly his wives, one time again springs from the fact that his father was segregated from the community.Also, his short-temper towards his wives may have been fuel by the fact that women were beneath men within the villages social ranking. Okonkwo thinks that the entirely way he can gain the villages respect is through being bold and strong. It was also very important to show strength during this time of need because there was much change going on in the community itself with the coming of the black-and-blue man and new traditions. He must absolutely display further anger and strength whe n the institutions he had fought so hard to sustain fall flat in the face of European colonialism (Gikandi x).The most infamous scene of Okonkwos irrational anger and lack of respect is when he beats his wife for not preparing the meal for their children during the Week of Peace (Achebe 21). This is just a mavin case of Okonkwo beating one of his wives, but the village punishes him more mischievously because it is during their Week of Peace in which everyone should be nice and kind to their neighbor. The village was shocked because no one ever breaks the rules of that week. Even the oldest men could only remember one or two other occasions someplace in the dim past (Achebe 22).Another instance where Okonkwos disorderly mien takes control of his actions is when he kills the boy he was fond of, Ikemefuna. Okonkwos clansmen are attacking the boy, so Ikemefuna runs to seek help from Okonkwo. However, since Okonkwo does not want to mien weak in front of his fellow tribesmen, he cut s the boy down (Ward 1). He lets his rage and pride take over and kills the boy whom he considered his own son. The characteristics of a tragic hero are clearly visible within Okonkwo. If his ideals were prevalent in someone during this day and age in the linked States, it would be quite interesting.It is almost shocking to say, but someone with those characteristics would be very successful in the competitive and fast-pace market of the United States. They could take charge of their business career as well as not buckling under pressure due to the lack of physical emotions. Okonkwos readiness are instinctual in most humans, no matter how primitive or modern. Wall Street brokers and fast-talking businessmen can be compared to primitive African men whose attitudes have been masculine-based even before the advent of the white man (Mezu 1).In a country based on the powerful business value-system of only the strong survive, there is no doubt Okonkwo could make it far. It can be easil y concluded that Okonkwos flaws were the leading means of his characters destruction. His lack of emotions and uncontainable anger were definite components for the deterioration of his character. However, the meaning in Chinua Achebes novel Things Fall Apart would have been lost without Okonkwo as the dominant character. The tragic hero is still and always will be the stable character of any deeply meaningful epic novel or movie.